Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your River shopping experience:

1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the River offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of River at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.

2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about

3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a River? Wrong! If the River is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.

4. Questions - Got a question about River then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....

5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling River? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about River and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.

6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your River wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.

7. Feedback - happy with your River then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.

8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the River site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site

9. Contact - got a question about River, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.

10. Payment - ready to pay for your River, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.

links Hungary with Slovakia..A river is a natural waterway that transits water through a landscape from higher to lower elevations. It is an integral component of the water cycle. The water within a river is generally collected from Precipitation (meteorology) through surface runoff, groundwater recharge (as seen at baseflow conditions / during periods of lack of precipitation) and release of stored water in natural reservoirs, such as a glacier.

Origins of river water flowing over a slight change in topography)A river may have its Source (river or stream) in a spring (hydrosphere), lake, from damp, boggy landscapes where the soil is waterlogged, from glacial melt, or from surface runoff of Precipitation (meteorology). Almost all rivers are joined by other rivers and streams termed tributary the highest of which are known as source (river or stream). Water may also originate from groundwater sources. Throughout the course of the river, the total volume transported downstream will often be a combination of the free water flow together with a substantial contribution flowing through sub-surface rocks and gravels that underlie the river and its floodplain (called the hyporheic zone). For many rivers in large valleys, this unseen component of flow may greatly exceed the visible flow.

From their source, all rivers flow downhill, typically terminating in a sea or in a lake, through a Confluence (geography). In arid areas rivers sometimes end by losing water to evaporation. River water may also Infiltration (hydrology) into the soil or pervious rock, where it becomes groundwater. Excessive Water abstraction of water for use in industry, irrigation, etc., can also cause a river to dry before reaching its natural terminus.

The mouth, or lower end, of a river is known by hydrologists as its base level.

The area drained by a river and its tributaries is called catchment, catchment basin, drainage basin or watershed. The term "watershed" is also used to mean a boundary between catchments, which is also called a water divide, or in some cases, continental divide.

Topography The water in a river is usually confined to a channel_(geography), made up of a stream bed between stream banks. In larger rivers there is also a wider flood-plain shaped by flood-waters over-topping the channel. Flood plains may be very wide in relation to the size of the river channel. This distinction between river channel and flood-plain can be blurred especially in urban areas where the flood-plain of a river channel can become greatly developed by housing and industry.

The river channel itself typically contains a single stream of water but some rivers flow as several interconnecting streams of water, producing a braided river. Extensive braided rivers are found in only a few regions worldwide, such as the South Island of New Zealand. They also occur on peneplains and some of the larger river deltas. Anastamosing rivers are similar to braided rivers. They have multiple sinuous channels carrying large volumes of sediment. Due to the dynamics of this type of system, they are also quite rare.

A river flowing in its channel is a source of considerable energy which acts on the river channel to change its shape and form. In mountainous torrential zones this can be seen as erosion channels through hard rocks and the creation of sands and gravels from the destruction of larger rocks. In U shaped glaciated valleys, the subsequent river valley can often easily be identified by the V shaped channel that it has carved. In the middle reaches where the river may flow over flatter land, loops (meanders) may form through erosion of the river banks and deposition on the inside of bends. Sometimes the river will cut off a loop, shortening the channel and forming an oxbow lake or billabong. Rivers that carry large amounts of sediment may develop conspicuous river deltas at their mouths, if conditions permit. Rivers, whose mouths are in saline tide waters, may form estuary. River mouths may also be fjords or rias.

Although the following classes are a useful simplified way to visualize rivers, it is important to recognize there are other factors at work here. Gradient is controlled largely by tectonics, but discharge is controlled largely by climate and sediment load is controlled by various factors including climate, geology in the headwaters, and the stream gradient.



It has been noted that on average, the air distance (euclidean distance) from the beginning to the end of most rivers is about one third their actual length. For rivers that flow in plain areas, this number is very close to Pi; Einstein wrote an explanation of why this is so.http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_10-12-2002_pg3_8Fermat's last theorem, Simon Singh, 1997

Other types of rivers Most rivers flow on the surface, however other rivers may flow underground in caves or caverns. Such rivers can be found in karst regions with limestone geologic formations.

An intermittent river (or ephemeral river) flows occasionally and can be dry for several years at a time. These rivers are found in regions with limited and highly variable rainfall.

Use of rivers at Kolkata, India.

Rivers have been used by man since the dawn of civilization as a source of water, for food, for transport, as a defensive barrier, as a source of power to drive machinery, and as a means of disposing of waste.

For thousands of years rivers have been used for navigation (The earliest evidence of navigation is found in the Indus Valley Civilization, which existed in north-western India around 3300 BC). Riverine navigation provides the cheapest means of transport and is still used extensively on major rivers of the world like the Ganges River, the Nile, the Mississippi River, and the River Indus.

In some highly-forested countries like Scandinavia and Canada, lumberjacks use the river to float felled trees downstream to lumber camps for further processing, saving much effort and cost by transporting the huge heavy logs by natural means.

Rivers have been a source of food since pre-history. Apart from being a rich source of fish, rivers indirectly aid cultivation by supplying water for the crops. Rivers sustain their own food chain. They are a major source of fresh water, hence, it is no surprise to find most of the major city of the world situated on the banks of rivers. Rivers also provide an easy (if unsanitary) means of disposing of waste.



The rocks and gravel generated and moved by rivers have been greatly used in construction. In more recent generations, the beauty of rivers and their wider habitats has contributed greatly to tourist income from areas well endowed with attractive riverine scenery.

In upland rivers, rapids with whitewater or even waterfalls occur. Rapids are often used for recreational purposes (see whitewater kayaking). Fast flowing rivers and waterfalls are harnessed as sources of energy, via watermills and hydroelectric plants. near Manaus in Brazil.

Rivers have been important historically in determining political boundaries and defending countries. For example, the Danube was a longstanding border of the Roman Empire, and today forms most of the border between Bulgaria and Romania. The Mississippi in North America, and the Rhine in Europe, are major east-west boundaries in those continents. The Orange River and Limpopo River Rivers in Southern Africa form the boundaries between various provinces and countries along their routes.

The noted Ancient Greece historian Megasthenes (350BC-290BC) mentions about Ganges River several times in his work Indika: "India, again, possesses many rivers both large and navigable, which, having their sources in the mountains which stretch along the northern frontier, traverse the level country, and not a few of these, after uniting with each other, fall into the river called the Ganges. Now this river, which at its source is 30 stadia broad, flows from north to south, and empties its waters into the ocean forming the eastern boundary of the Gangaridai, a nation which possesses a vast force of the largest-sized elephants." (Diodorus II.37.)

Biology The flora and fauna of rivers have developed to utilise the very wide range of aquatic habitats available from torrential waterfalls through to lowland mires. Although many organisms are restricted to the fresh-water in rivers, some, such as Salmon and Hilsa have adapted to be able to survive both in rivers and in the sea.

Flooding Flooding is a natural part of a river's cycles. The majority of the erosion of river channels and the erosion and deposition on the associated floodplains occur during flood stage. Human activity, however, has upset the natural way flooding occurs by walling off rivers, straightening their courses and by draining of natural wetlands.

Flooding can be mitigation.

Direction of flow A misconception, is that most, or even all, rivers flow from north to south. Rivers in fact flow down gradient irrespective of direction, often in a complex meandering path involving all directions of the compass.

As it happens, few major rivers in the continental US flow north, as most of the country is located in the watershed of the Pacific or Atlantic oceans or the Gulf of Mexico, with very few rivers flowing northward toward the Arctic Ocean, Great Lakes, or Hudson Bay. However, thousands of north-flowing rivers exist elsewhere, including such major watercourses as the Nile, Mackenzie River, Rhine, Yenisei, Nelson River, and Lena River. Four of the ten List of rivers by length flow mainly north.

Studying the flows of rivers is one aspect of hydrology.

Rate of water flow Volumetric flow rate, also called volume flow rate and rate of water flow, is the volume of water which passes through a given volume per unit time, measured in cubic meters per second ( 1 m3/s = 35.51ft3/s).

Management Rivers are often managed or controlled to make them more useful and less disruptive to human activity.

River management is an ongoing activity as rivers tend to 'undo' the modifications made by man. Dredged channels silt up, sluice mechanisms deteriorate with age, levees and dams may suffer seepage or catastrophic failure. The benefits sought through managing rivers may often be offset by the social and economic costs of mitigating the effects of such management. As an example, in many parts of the developed world, rivers have been confined within channels to free up flat flood-plain land for development. Subsequent extreme flood events can inundate such development at very high financial costs and often with loss of life.

River lists The world's ten longest rivers Because rivers are approximately Fractal dimension in nature it is difficult to measure the length of a river. The more precise the measurement, the longer the river will seem. Also, it is difficult to determine where a river begins or ends as, very often, upstream rivers are formed by seasonal streams, swamps, or changing lakes.These are average measurements.

  • Nile River (6,695 km)
  • Amazon River (6,683 km)
  • Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) (6,380 km)
  • Missouri River/ Mississippi River (5,970 km)
  • Ob River (5,410 km)
  • Huang He (Yellow) (4,830 km)
  • Congo River (4,630 km)
  • Lena (4,400 km)
  • Amur (4,350 km)
  • Yenisei River (4,106 km)


    • Other lists disagree go to:http://www.vaughns-1-pagers.com/geography/longest-rivers.htm

    Well-known rivers (in alphabetic order)

    Other lists

    Rating systems

    Image:Río Peralonso 2.jpg| Río Peralonso - El Zulia (Norte de Santander), ColombiaImage:River_gambia_Niokolokoba_National_Park.gif] flowing through Niokolokoba National ParkImage:Howrah Bridge 01.jpg| Bridges are a common way of crossing rivers, as seen here at the Hooghly River, Kolkata, IndiaImage:Victoria5.jpg] and Victoria Falls (Zambia/Zimbabwe, Africa)Image:Hooghly River 02.jpg] (Kolkata, India)Image:Chosen5.JPG]Image:Chosen4.JPG|This river flows from Woronora Dam, Sydney.

    See also

    Crossings Rivers may be crossed by:

    Transport

    References

    Further reading

    links Hungary with Slovakia..A river is a natural waterway that transits water through a landscape from higher to lower elevations. It is an integral component of the water cycle. The water within a river is generally collected from Precipitation (meteorology) through surface runoff, groundwater recharge (as seen at baseflow conditions / during periods of lack of precipitation) and release of stored water in natural reservoirs, such as a glacier.

    Origins of river water flowing over a slight change in topography)A river may have its Source (river or stream) in a spring (hydrosphere), lake, from damp, boggy landscapes where the soil is waterlogged, from glacial melt, or from surface runoff of Precipitation (meteorology). Almost all rivers are joined by other rivers and streams termed tributary the highest of which are known as source (river or stream). Water may also originate from groundwater sources. Throughout the course of the river, the total volume transported downstream will often be a combination of the free water flow together with a substantial contribution flowing through sub-surface rocks and gravels that underlie the river and its floodplain (called the hyporheic zone). For many rivers in large valleys, this unseen component of flow may greatly exceed the visible flow.

    From their source, all rivers flow downhill, typically terminating in a sea or in a lake, through a Confluence (geography). In arid areas rivers sometimes end by losing water to evaporation. River water may also Infiltration (hydrology) into the soil or pervious rock, where it becomes groundwater. Excessive Water abstraction of water for use in industry, irrigation, etc., can also cause a river to dry before reaching its natural terminus.

    The mouth, or lower end, of a river is known by hydrologists as its base level.

    The area drained by a river and its tributaries is called catchment, catchment basin, drainage basin or watershed. The term "watershed" is also used to mean a boundary between catchments, which is also called a water divide, or in some cases, continental divide.

    Topography The water in a river is usually confined to a channel_(geography), made up of a stream bed between stream banks. In larger rivers there is also a wider flood-plain shaped by flood-waters over-topping the channel. Flood plains may be very wide in relation to the size of the river channel. This distinction between river channel and flood-plain can be blurred especially in urban areas where the flood-plain of a river channel can become greatly developed by housing and industry.

    The river channel itself typically contains a single stream of water but some rivers flow as several interconnecting streams of water, producing a braided river. Extensive braided rivers are found in only a few regions worldwide, such as the South Island of New Zealand. They also occur on peneplains and some of the larger river deltas. Anastamosing rivers are similar to braided rivers. They have multiple sinuous channels carrying large volumes of sediment. Due to the dynamics of this type of system, they are also quite rare.

    A river flowing in its channel is a source of considerable energy which acts on the river channel to change its shape and form. In mountainous torrential zones this can be seen as erosion channels through hard rocks and the creation of sands and gravels from the destruction of larger rocks. In U shaped glaciated valleys, the subsequent river valley can often easily be identified by the V shaped channel that it has carved. In the middle reaches where the river may flow over flatter land, loops (meanders) may form through erosion of the river banks and deposition on the inside of bends. Sometimes the river will cut off a loop, shortening the channel and forming an oxbow lake or billabong. Rivers that carry large amounts of sediment may develop conspicuous river deltas at their mouths, if conditions permit. Rivers, whose mouths are in saline tide waters, may form estuary. River mouths may also be fjords or rias.

    Although the following classes are a useful simplified way to visualize rivers, it is important to recognize there are other factors at work here. Gradient is controlled largely by tectonics, but discharge is controlled largely by climate and sediment load is controlled by various factors including climate, geology in the headwaters, and the stream gradient.



    It has been noted that on average, the air distance (euclidean distance) from the beginning to the end of most rivers is about one third their actual length. For rivers that flow in plain areas, this number is very close to Pi; Einstein wrote an explanation of why this is so.http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_10-12-2002_pg3_8Fermat's last theorem, Simon Singh, 1997

    Other types of rivers Most rivers flow on the surface, however other rivers may flow underground in caves or caverns. Such rivers can be found in karst regions with limestone geologic formations.

    An intermittent river (or ephemeral river) flows occasionally and can be dry for several years at a time. These rivers are found in regions with limited and highly variable rainfall.

    Use of rivers at Kolkata, India.

    Rivers have been used by man since the dawn of civilization as a source of water, for food, for transport, as a defensive barrier, as a source of power to drive machinery, and as a means of disposing of waste.

    For thousands of years rivers have been used for navigation (The earliest evidence of navigation is found in the Indus Valley Civilization, which existed in north-western India around 3300 BC). Riverine navigation provides the cheapest means of transport and is still used extensively on major rivers of the world like the Ganges River, the Nile, the Mississippi River, and the River Indus.

    In some highly-forested countries like Scandinavia and Canada, lumberjacks use the river to float felled trees downstream to lumber camps for further processing, saving much effort and cost by transporting the huge heavy logs by natural means.

    Rivers have been a source of food since pre-history. Apart from being a rich source of fish, rivers indirectly aid cultivation by supplying water for the crops. Rivers sustain their own food chain. They are a major source of fresh water, hence, it is no surprise to find most of the major city of the world situated on the banks of rivers. Rivers also provide an easy (if unsanitary) means of disposing of waste.



    The rocks and gravel generated and moved by rivers have been greatly used in construction. In more recent generations, the beauty of rivers and their wider habitats has contributed greatly to tourist income from areas well endowed with attractive riverine scenery.

    In upland rivers, rapids with whitewater or even waterfalls occur. Rapids are often used for recreational purposes (see whitewater kayaking). Fast flowing rivers and waterfalls are harnessed as sources of energy, via watermills and hydroelectric plants. near Manaus in Brazil.

    Rivers have been important historically in determining political boundaries and defending countries. For example, the Danube was a longstanding border of the Roman Empire, and today forms most of the border between Bulgaria and Romania. The Mississippi in North America, and the Rhine in Europe, are major east-west boundaries in those continents. The Orange River and Limpopo River Rivers in Southern Africa form the boundaries between various provinces and countries along their routes.

    The noted Ancient Greece historian Megasthenes (350BC-290BC) mentions about Ganges River several times in his work Indika: "India, again, possesses many rivers both large and navigable, which, having their sources in the mountains which stretch along the northern frontier, traverse the level country, and not a few of these, after uniting with each other, fall into the river called the Ganges. Now this river, which at its source is 30 stadia broad, flows from north to south, and empties its waters into the ocean forming the eastern boundary of the Gangaridai, a nation which possesses a vast force of the largest-sized elephants." (Diodorus II.37.)

    Biology The flora and fauna of rivers have developed to utilise the very wide range of aquatic habitats available from torrential waterfalls through to lowland mires. Although many organisms are restricted to the fresh-water in rivers, some, such as Salmon and Hilsa have adapted to be able to survive both in rivers and in the sea.

    Flooding Flooding is a natural part of a river's cycles. The majority of the erosion of river channels and the erosion and deposition on the associated floodplains occur during flood stage. Human activity, however, has upset the natural way flooding occurs by walling off rivers, straightening their courses and by draining of natural wetlands.

    Flooding can be mitigation.

    Direction of flow A misconception, is that most, or even all, rivers flow from north to south. Rivers in fact flow down gradient irrespective of direction, often in a complex meandering path involving all directions of the compass.

    As it happens, few major rivers in the continental US flow north, as most of the country is located in the watershed of the Pacific or Atlantic oceans or the Gulf of Mexico, with very few rivers flowing northward toward the Arctic Ocean, Great Lakes, or Hudson Bay. However, thousands of north-flowing rivers exist elsewhere, including such major watercourses as the Nile, Mackenzie River, Rhine, Yenisei, Nelson River, and Lena River. Four of the ten List of rivers by length flow mainly north.

    Studying the flows of rivers is one aspect of hydrology.

    Rate of water flow Volumetric flow rate, also called volume flow rate and rate of water flow, is the volume of water which passes through a given volume per unit time, measured in cubic meters per second ( 1 m3/s = 35.51ft3/s).

    Management Rivers are often managed or controlled to make them more useful and less disruptive to human activity.

    River management is an ongoing activity as rivers tend to 'undo' the modifications made by man. Dredged channels silt up, sluice mechanisms deteriorate with age, levees and dams may suffer seepage or catastrophic failure. The benefits sought through managing rivers may often be offset by the social and economic costs of mitigating the effects of such management. As an example, in many parts of the developed world, rivers have been confined within channels to free up flat flood-plain land for development. Subsequent extreme flood events can inundate such development at very high financial costs and often with loss of life.

    River lists The world's ten longest rivers Because rivers are approximately Fractal dimension in nature it is difficult to measure the length of a river. The more precise the measurement, the longer the river will seem. Also, it is difficult to determine where a river begins or ends as, very often, upstream rivers are formed by seasonal streams, swamps, or changing lakes.These are average measurements.

  • Nile River (6,695 km)
  • Amazon River (6,683 km)
  • Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) (6,380 km)
  • Missouri River/ Mississippi River (5,970 km)
  • Ob River (5,410 km)
  • Huang He (Yellow) (4,830 km)
  • Congo River (4,630 km)
  • Lena (4,400 km)
  • Amur (4,350 km)
  • Yenisei River (4,106 km)


    • Other lists disagree go to:http://www.vaughns-1-pagers.com/geography/longest-rivers.htm

    Well-known rivers (in alphabetic order)

    Other lists

    Rating systems

    Image:Río Peralonso 2.jpg| Río Peralonso - El Zulia (Norte de Santander), ColombiaImage:River_gambia_Niokolokoba_National_Park.gif] flowing through Niokolokoba National ParkImage:Howrah Bridge 01.jpg| Bridges are a common way of crossing rivers, as seen here at the Hooghly River, Kolkata, IndiaImage:Victoria5.jpg] and Victoria Falls (Zambia/Zimbabwe, Africa)Image:Hooghly River 02.jpg] (Kolkata, India)Image:Chosen5.JPG]Image:Chosen4.JPG|This river flows from Woronora Dam, Sydney.

    See also

    Crossings Rivers may be crossed by:

    Transport

    References

    Further reading



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